Factors affecting the structure of Coleoptera assemblages on bracket fungi (Basidiomycota) in a Brazilian forest

Insect–fungal interactions are an important but understudied aspect of tropical forest ecology. Here we present the first large‐scale study of insect communities feeding on the reproductive structures of macrofungi (basidiomes) in the Neotropics. This trophic interaction is not well characterized in most ecosystems; however, beetle consumption of basidiomes is thought to be affected by fungal factors, via mechanisms analogous to those observed in plant–herbivore interactions and in some interactions with fungi as hosts in the Holarctic region. We investigated how the composition of beetle assemblages varies as a function of fungal taxonomic distance, basidiome consistency, and hyphal systems. We collected 367 basidiomes belonging to the orders Polyporales and Hymenochaetales in the subtropical Araucaria angustifolia forest region of southern Brazil, along with any fauna present or without it. Basidiomes were maintained individually in the laboratory in plastic containers for up to three months to allow beetles to develop to adulthood, at which point the beetles were collected. We found that 207 basidiome specimens representing 40 species were associated with beetles. We recorded 447 occurrences of Coleoptera, representing 90 morphospecies from 20 families. We found that assemblages of fungivorous Coleoptera were more similar among more closely related fungi. Furthermore, the beetle assemblages varied as a function of basidiome toughness, which is influenced by sporocarp consistency and hyphal system type. The associations between beetles and basidiomes resemble those reported previously in temperate zones, suggesting continuity in the structure of such associations across a wide latitudinal range.     

钾肥及与秸秆配施对紫色土作物产量和微生物群落结构的影响

基于紫色菜园土壤莴笋-白菜-甜玉米轮作4年12季连续定位施钾肥试验,研究不同种类钾肥及用量对重庆地区紫色菜园土上作物产量和土壤微生物群落结构的影响,为该地区作物生产确定合理的施钾技术提供科学依据。结果表明,在施用氮磷肥基础上,不同钾肥处理莴笋、白菜、甜玉米产量均显著提高;从3种作物4年平均产量和钾肥效益看,以单施适量化学钾(K_2)、单施适量秸秆钾(M_2)和秸秆还田配施少量化学钾(K_1+M_1)的施钾肥模式对白菜的增产效果好,增产28.05%—30.27%;M_2和K_1+M_1施钾肥模式对莴笋的增产效果较好,增产13.89%和13.81%;K_1+M_1施钾肥模式对甜玉米的增产效果最好,增产15.10%,表明秸秆还田配施少量化学钾(K_1+M_1)模式在供试3种作物生产中具有很好的应用前景。不同施钾处理对土壤微生物群落结构及丰度均会产生一定影响,以秸秆还田配施少量化学钾肥(K_1+M_1)对提高土壤细菌、真菌、革兰氏阳性菌的作用较好,并显著增加土壤微生物总PLFA含量,缓解对土壤微生物生存环境的胁迫,说明K_1+M_1能为土壤微生物的生长繁育创造有利环境。莴笋、白菜、甜玉米3种作物4年平均产量与土壤细菌、真菌、革兰氏阳性菌和革兰氏阴性菌数量间存在显著相关性(P0.05),而不同钾肥处理对土壤微生物特征具有一定影响,说明施钾肥可能会调节土壤微生物特征,从而促进作物增产。     

广西天然林中藤本植物区系组成及系统发育多样性

藤本植物是热带和亚热带森林的重要组分,在过去几十年中藤本植物多样性在热带森林增加,有可能导致森林的多样性减少,碳储量等生态系统服务功能降低,引起广泛关注。以《广西植被志要》中共355个样地数据(喀斯特森林、海拔1000 m以下的非喀斯特森林和海拔1000 m以上的非喀斯特森林)为基础,结合气候数据,分析天然林中藤本植物区系组成、不同生境藤本植物物种多样性与系统发育多样性关系、藤本植物物种多样性与年平均温度关系,以及系统发育结构特点。结果表明:(1)广西天然林藤本植物中,热带分布的含藤属占比最大(75.4%),温带分布含藤属占比较低(12.3%),世界广布含藤属和亚洲分布含藤属占比最小,海拔1000 m以下的喀斯特和非喀斯特森林都有一些专有的含藤科属;(2) 3个生境藤本的Gleason物种多样性和系统发育多样性与年均温都不相关,它们的物种多样性差异不显著,但是系统发育多样性有显著差异,海拔1000 m以下的非喀斯特森林中系统发育多样性最高,喀斯特森林系统发育多样性最低;(3)非喀斯特森林藤本植物系统发育结构趋向于离散,暗指竞争排斥作用是藤本植物组合在该生境群落主要构建机制,喀斯特森林藤本植物系统发育结构趋向于聚集,暗指藤本植物组合由生境过滤作用为主形成。这些研究发现对于热带亚热带森林藤本植物的多样性组成及其共存机制提供了新认识。     

摩天岭北坡森林木本植物叶性状在物种和群落水平沿海拔梯度的变化

该研究采用样线和样地相结合的方法,对甘肃省白水江国家级自然保护区摩天岭北坡大垭子梁森林不同海拔(1 600~2 100m)的植物群落进行野外调查、采样分析,并运用线性回归分析、Pearson相关性分析及曲线拟合分析方法,研究木本植物的比叶面积(SLA)、叶干物质含量(LDMC)、叶碳氮磷含量(LCC、LNC、LPC)及其计量比(C/N、C/P、N/P)等叶性状变化特征,以及在物种和群落水平随海拔梯度的变化趋势和相关性。结果表明:(1)摩天岭北坡大垭子梁山地森林为落叶阔叶林带,共有木本植物13科23种,其中乔木6种,灌木17种,且整体上灌木种类较为丰富。此外,有些物种在不同海拔间都有分布,如华北落叶松(Larix principis-rupprechtii)、胡枝子(Lespedeza bicolor)等,反映出不同植物对于异质环境的适应。(2)8个叶功能性状中变异系数最小的是LCC(4.6%),属于弱变异,最大的是SLA(42.1%),其他叶性状都属于中等变异,表明在其他叶性状的协同作用下,使得木本植物的碳获取保持在一定的水平以确保群落的稳定性。(3)叶片功能性状间的关联性普遍存在,是植物适应环境的一种对策.该研究表明SLA-LNC以及LNC-LPC在物种和群落水平上的相关性及其相关程度均一致,而其他叶性状间相关关系则有所不同,这为以后进行大尺度研究时对叶性状的选择提供了一定的依据。(4)叶性状随海拔的变化趋势,除C/N和N/P在物种和群落水平上变化趋势不一致外,其他各个性状随海拔的总体变化趋势基本一致,但显著程度只有LNC一致外其他均不同,反映了木本植物的不同叶片功能性状对海拔造成的不同环境的适应。     

Species–area curve and distance–decay relationships indicate habitat thresholds of ectomycorrhizal fungi in an old‐growth Pseudotsuga menziesii landscape

Aim

Ectomycorrhizal fungi (EMF) are a diverse and essential biota of forests that are vulnerable to species loss through reductions in late‐seral habitat. We examined how the spatial ecology of this biota, particularly distance–decay and species–area relationships, could better inform habitat thresholds for EMF conservation planning.

Location

Southeast Vancouver Island near Victoria, British Columbia, Canada.

Methods

Using a stratified sampling design, 11 plots (0.15 ha in size) were established at 0.05–17.5 km apart across 2,800 ha of mesic old‐growth Pseudotsuga menziesii var. menziesii and Tsuga heterophylla forests. EMF communities were compiled through molecular analysis of root tips and sporocarps.

Results

The EMF community was comprised of many Cortinarius, Piloderma, Russula and Tricholoma species typical of mesotrophic habitat. A total of 238 EMF species were observed, of which 86 species were detected only once. The ratio of average species richness per plot (84 taxa) to total richness was low at 0.35, and inherent stochasticity of the EMF community was estimated to be 31% community dissimilarity for species incidence. Distance decay of EMF communities was nonlinear, with an estimated slope break at 2.6 km, followed by a largely unchanging trend in β‐diversity. Accumulated species–area curves were fitted best by the cumulative Weibull sigmoid model, and the asymptote (367 species) at approx. 50 ha was consistent with nonparametric estimates of γ‐diversity (342–362 spp.).

Main conclusions

Old‐growth forests host an impressive amount of EMF diversity, and many of the Ramaria, Inocybe and Russula species are likely to be endemic to the Pacific Northwest. Both niche‐ and neutral‐based processes influenced EMF community composition, resulting in a minimum threshold of 50 ha (1.8% of the sample area) for capturing γ‐diversity. These spatial patterns will help design and evaluate conservation efforts, such as retention forestry, to sustain fully diverse EMF communities over managed landscapes.

     

Classification of plant associations based on a 20 hm2 dynamics plot of evergreen broad- leaved forest in Mt. Tiantong,Zhejiang, China

为获取能够代表浙江天童山的森林植被典型群丛类型, 同时也为植被分类中如何发现过渡类型和确定典型类型提供参考, 该研究利用天童20 hm ²森林大样地资料, 运用双向指示种分析(TWINSPAN)与除趋势对应分析(DCA), 剔除过渡群落, 进行群丛划分。结果表明, 去除过渡地段后更利于研究区域典型群丛类型的确定。大样地的植被类型可划分为宜昌荚蒾-厚皮香/港柯+云山青冈群丛(Viburnum erosum-Ternstroemia gymnanthera/Lithocarpus harlandii + Cyclobalanopsis sessilifolia Ass.); 虎皮楠-柯/木荷+米槠群丛(Daphniphyllum oldhami-Lithocarpus glaber/Schima superba + Castanopsis carlesii Ass.); 红毒茴-紫楠/南酸枣+薄叶润楠群丛(Illicium lanceolatum-Phoebe sheareri/Choerospondias axillaries + Machilus leptophylla Ass.)。DCA排序同时能反映各群丛类型分布与环境的相关关系, 结果显示, 海拔和凹凸度对群丛分布有较大影响, 坡度和坡向对群丛分布影响较小。     

茂兰喀斯特常绿落叶阔叶混交林群落组成和优势种更新类型

为探讨茂兰喀斯特森林群落结构和优势种更新机制,对茂兰自然保护区常绿落叶阔叶混交林群落进行了调查。结果表明,群落中有木本植物37科58属70种,以樟科、蔷薇科、无患子科和漆树科为主。常绿树种41种,占总种数的58.6%;落叶树种29种,占总种数的41.4%,这体现了喀斯特常绿落叶阔叶混交林的群落学性质。群落的优势乔木树种有轮叶木姜子(Litseaverticillata)、青冈栎(Cyclobalanopsisglauca)、狭叶润楠(Machilusrehderi)和翅荚香槐(Cladrastisplatycarpa)等。灌木优势种有皱叶海桐(Pittosporumcrispulum)、裂果卫矛(Euonymusdielsianus)、革叶铁榄(Sinosideroxylonwightianum)和南天竹(Nandina domestica)等。优势种种群结构有5种类型:单峰型,如樱桃(Cerasus pseudocerasus)、南酸枣(Choerospondias axillaris)等阳性乔木,为林窗更新种,随林窗的郁闭将衰退消失;逆J字型,如轮叶木姜子、香港四照花(Dendrobenthamia hongkongensis)、皱叶海桐等耐荫性强的常绿阔叶树种,更新能力较强,为顶极群落优势种;间歇型,如青冈栎、狭叶润楠、齿叶黄皮(Clausena dunniana)等树种,群落中的个体多集中在小径级阶段,能长期存在于群落中;L字型,如桂皮(Cinnamomumtamala)、梓叶槭(Acer catalpifolium)、革叶铁榄等;单柱型,如石岩枫(Mallotus repandus)、南天竹等常绿灌木树种,个体集中于幼苗、幼树阶段,为顶极群落亚乔木层和灌木层的主要组成种。因此,这表明调查区域的植物群落处于相对稳定的顶极阶段。     

模拟氮沉降和降雨变化对贝加尔针茅草原土壤细菌群落结构的影响

研究氮沉降和降雨变化对土壤细菌群落结构的影响,对未来预测多个气候变化因子对草地生态系统影响的交互作用具有重要意义。以施氮和灌溉分别模拟氮沉降和降雨增加,采用高通量测序技术,研究8个氮添加水平(0、15、30、50、100、150、200、300kg N hm-2a-1)和2个水分添加水平(不灌溉、模拟夏季增雨100 mm灌溉)对土壤细菌群落结构的影响。结果表明,氮素和水分输入增加后,土壤细菌群落组成、丰度均显著变化(P0.05)。在群落中占主导的细菌门类有疣微菌门Verrucomicrobia(30.61%—48.51%)、变形菌门Proteobacteria(21.37%—29.97%)、酸杆菌门Acidobacteria(9.54%—20.67%)和拟杆菌门Bacteroidetes(4.96%—9.74%)。在常规降雨和水分添加两种条件下,随着氮添加水平的增加,占主导的细菌门类(相对丰度1%)表现出不同的变化趋势。疣微菌门相对丰度在常规降雨N100—N300条件下显著降低,但在氮素和水分同时添加条件下随氮添加水平升高而逐渐升高,在N200—N300时显著升高。变形菌门和拟杆菌门相对丰度在常规降雨高氮添加条件下呈升高趋势,但在水分添加时却无明显变化。酸杆菌门相对丰度在常规降雨高氮添加条件下升高,但在水分添加后呈明显下降趋势。放线菌门Actinobacteria相对丰度在常规降雨N100—N300条件下显著升高,但在水分添加后高氮添加时显著降低。厚壁菌门Firmicutes相对丰度在常规降雨条件下无显著变化,但在水分和高氮添加条件下降低。浮霉菌门Planctomycetes相对丰度在两种不同的水分添加条件下均呈先升高后降低的趋势。氮素和水分添加对土壤细菌群落结构的变化存在明显的互作效应(P0.0001)。在不同氮素和水分输入条件下共有19个土壤细菌门类相对丰度有显著差异。土壤细菌群落结构的变化主要来自于疣微菌门和酸杆菌门的相对丰度变化,两者可作为土壤细菌群落结构变化的指示种。综上,氮素和水分添加显著改变了土壤细菌群落结构,氮素和水分对土壤细菌不同门类相对丰度变化存在明显的互作效应。